Renal failure is a severe form of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that occurs when your kidneys work at less than 15% of their normal function. Renal failure usually occurs in the final stage of CKD.

There’s limited research on the link between genetics and kidney failure specifically.

But according to the National Kidney Foundation, there are more than 60 types of inherited kidney diseases, some of which may lead to kidney failure.

Experts have identified more than 600 genotypes that may contribute to inheriting kidney disease.

People with inherited kidney diseases may also have a higher risk of developing renal failure than people with other types of kidney disease.

The most common type of inherited kidney disease is autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). ADPKD usually occurs due to a genetic mutation in the PKD1 or PKD2 genes.

ADPKD is a type of polycystic kidney disease (PKD), which is a genetic disorder in which cysts develop in your kidneys. PKD also includes autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD).

According to the American Kidney Fund, PKD accounts for 2 out of every 100 kidney failure cases in the United States.

Nephronophthisis (NPHP) is another inherited kidney disease that may lead to kidney failure. It’s the most common cause of genetic-related kidney failure in children.

Experts have identified many types of gene mutations that may contribute to NPHP, and they may continue to discover more.

Other groups of inherited kidney diseases that may cause kidney failure include:

It’s important to note that environmental factors may also affect DKD and HTN, especially if these two conditions are unmanaged.

What are the symptoms of renal failure?

Symptoms of renal failure may include:

  • edema (swelling) in your lower body, such as legs, ankles, and feet
  • headaches
  • fatigue
  • sleeping problems
  • passing urine less frequently or with difficulty
  • muscles cramps and weakness
  • unexplained weight loss and loss of appetite
  • feelings of itchiness
  • cognitive problems, such as difficulty concentrating and remembering

Several types of genetic tests are available to help identify genetic mutations associated with kidney disease. These may cost $500 or less, depending on the type of test and where they’re performed.

Genetic tests help identify changes in the structure of DNA or chromosomes that may be linked to kidney disease. To perform this test, a healthcare professional usually draws blood or saliva.

Some common types of genetic tests for kidney disease may include:

  • gene panel tests
  • single gene tests
  • chromosomal tests
  • whole genome or exome sequencing tests

If someone in your family has a type of inherited kidney disease, getting tests done could help catch kidney disease earlier. It could also help guide your treatment plan and reduce your risk of complications like renal failure.